Distocia em tigre d'água-de-orelha-vermelha, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): relato de caso / Dystocia in red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): case report / Distocia en tortuga de orejas rojas, Trachemys scripta elegans, wied (1839): reporte de caso

Atualmente muitos répteis se tornaram animais de companhia e são mantidos como pet's exóticos. A espécie Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) é um animal exótico da América do Norte, sua identificação é realizada pelas marcas avermelhadas encontradas lateralmente a sua cabeça. Na rotina clínica as principais enfermidades que acometem os quelônios são as de origem reprodutiva, como a estase folicular e distocia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar um caso recorrente de distocia em um tigre d'água fêmea, para isso, a anamnese, o histórico da paciente, e seus sinais clínicos, em conjunto com os exames complementares de imagem foram essenciais para se obter diagnóstico definitivo. O tratamento foi realizado com a indução medicamentosa utilizando borogluconato de cálcio, seguida da aplicação de ocitocina, esta trouxe resultados positivos para a eliminação dos ovos. Porém devido ao histórico do paciente, optou-se pela intervenção cirúrgica de ovariossalpingectomia, sendo está a maneira permanente de resolução da patologia. O protocolo terapêutico escolhido proporcionou um resultado satisfatório e bem estar ao animal.(AU)

Currently, many reptiles have become companion animals and are kept as exotic pets. The species Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) is an exotic animal from North America, and its identification is based on the reddish markings found laterally on its head. In routine clinical practice, the main diseases that affect chelonians are those of reproductive origin, such as follicular stasis and dystocia. The aim of this study was to report a recurrent case of dystocia in a female red-eared slider turtle. For this purpose, the patient's anamnesis, history, and clinical signs, along with complementary imaging exams, were essential to obtain a definitive diagnosis. The treatment involved medical induction using calcium borogluconate, followed by the administration of oxytocin, which yielded positive results in egg elimination. However, due to the patient's history, surgical intervention in the form of ovariosalpingectomy was chosen as the permanent solution to the pathology. The chosen therapeutic protocol provided a satisfactory outcome and improved the animal's well-being.(AU)

Actualmente muchos reptiles se han convertido en animales de compañía y se mantienen como mascotas exóticas. La especie Trachemys scripta elegans, Wied (1839) es un animal exótico de América del Norte, su identificación se realiza por las marcas rojizas que se encuentran lateralmente a su cabeza. En la rutina clínica, las principales enfermedades que afectan a los quelonios son las de origen reproductivo, como la estasis folicular y la distocia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue reportar un caso recurrente de distocia en una hembra de tigre de agua, para ello la anamnesis, la historia de la paciente y sus signos clínicos, junto con los exámenes imagenológicos complementarios fueron fundamentales para obtener un diagnóstico definitivo. El tratamiento se realizó con inducción farmacológica con borogluconato de calcio, seguido de la aplicación de oxitocina, que arrojó resultados positivos con la eliminación de huevos. Sin embargo, debido a los antecedentes de la paciente, se optó por la intervención quirúrgica de ovarialpingectomía, que es la forma definitiva de resolución de la patología. El protocolo terapéutico elegido proporcionó un resultado satisfactorio y bienestar al animal.(AU)

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses / Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e morte perinatal em equinos

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses were investigated in the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) from 2000 to 2015. In this period, 107 cases were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, and complementary tests. Of these, 77 were aborted fetuses, 16 were stillbirths, and 14 were perinatal deaths. Conclusive diagnosis was established in 42.8% of the fetuses analyzed, with 28.6% classified as infectious origin, 9.1% as non-infectious, and 5.1% as other. Bacterial infections, especially those related to Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently observed. In stillborn foals, diagnosis was established in 62.5% of cases, and 50% of these were related to non-infectious causes, such as dystocia and birth traumas. As for perinatal mortality, a conclusive diagnosis was reached in 78.57% of cases, and infectious causes associated with bacterial infections accounted for 64.1% of these diagnoses.

Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos foram investigadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) durante o período de 2000 a 2015. Nesse período, foram analisados 107 casos através de exames macroscópico, microscópico e exames complementares, desses 77 correspondiam a fetos abortados, 16 natimortos e 14 mortes perinatais. Diagnóstico conclusivo foi estabelecido em 42,8% dos fetos analisados e classificados como origem infecciosa em 28,6% dos casos, não infecciosa com 9,1% e outros com 5,1% dos casos. As infecções bacterianas, em especial as relacionadas a Streptococcus spp. foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em potros natimortos, diagnostico foi estabelecido em 62,5% dos casos, e destes, 50% foram relacionados a causas não infecciosas, como distocia e traumas durante o parto. Quanto a mortalidade perinatal, em 78,57% dos casos houve um diagnostico conclusivo, e as causas infecciosas associadas a infecções bacterianas corresponderam a 64,1% desses diagnósticos.

Reproductive diseases in captive Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) / Doenças reprodutivas em cutias em cativeiro (Dasyprocta leporina)

Reproductive diseases have been well documented in domestic livestock such as sheep, goat, cattle and pigs. However, there is very little information on these diseases in the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). The agouti is used for its meat in South America and the Caribbean. More recently, intensive farming of this animal is being practiced in the Neotropics. There is dearth of information on dystocia and vaginal prolapses in the agouti. This document reports on three cases of reproductive diseases in captive reared agoutis in Trinidad and Tobago. The first case was a female agouti weighing approximately 3 kg that was in the last stage of pregnancy, which was found dead in its cage. The vulva of the mother had the protruding hind-limbs of the fetus. Necroscopic evaluation of carcass revealed little fat tissue and the mother had two fetuses in the right horn of the uterus. Each fetus weighed approximately 200 g. The fetuses were well formed with fur, teeth and eyes. The placenta was attached to each fetus. The pathological findings suggested that dystocia resulted from secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death of the adult female agouti. The second case was that of an adult female agouti weighing 2.5 kg. This female had given birth to an offspring three weeks prior and was observed to have had a vaginal prolapse. Surgery was performed and the prolapsed vagina was placed back into the pelvic cavity. Further to this intervention, the vagina prolapsed twice. Subsequent to the re-insertion of the vaginal tissue the agouti was euthanized. The third case was also that of a dystocia. However, the fetuses weighed 235 g and 165 g respectively and were in normalpresentation, posture and positioning. The fetus however was unable to pass via the vagina and was trapped in the pelvic cavity. This caused secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death. The causes of reproductive diseases in these cases are unknown but the feeding [...].

As doenças reprodutivas têm sido bem documentadas em rebanhos domésticos, como ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e suínos. Porém, há muito pouca informação sobre essas doenças na cutia (Dasyprocta leporina). A cutia é usada como carne na América do Sul e no Caribe. Mais recentemente, a criação intensiva desse animal está sendo praticada na região neotropical. Há escassez de informações sobre distocia e prolapsos vaginais na cutia. Este documento relata três casos de doenças reprodutivas em cutias criadas em cativeiro em Trinidad e Tobago. O primeiro caso foi de uma cutia de aproximadamente 3 kg que estava na última fase de gestação, encontrada morta em sua gaiola. A vulva da mãe tinha as patas traseiras salientes do feto. A avaliação necroscópica da carcaça revelou pouco tecido adiposo e a mãe tinha dois fetos no corno direito do útero. Cada feto pesava aproximadamente 200 g. Os fetos eram bem formados com pelos, dentes e olhos. A placenta foi presa a cada feto. Os achados patológicos sugeriram que a distocia resultou de inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte da cutia adulta. O segundo caso foi ode uma cutia adulta pesando 2,5 kg. Essa fêmea deu à luz uma cria três semanas antes e foi observado que tinha prolapso vaginal. A cirurgia foi realizada e a vagina prolapsada foi colocada de volta na cavidade pélvica. Após essa intervenção, a vagina prolapsou duas vezes. Após a reinserção do tecido vaginal, a cutia foi eutanasiada. O terceiro caso também foi de distocia. No entanto, os fetos pesavam 235 g e 165 g e estavam em apresentação, postura e posicionamento normais. O feto, entretanto, não conseguiu passar pela vagina e ficou preso na cavidade pélvica. Isso causou inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte. As causas das doenças reprodutivas nesses casos são desconhecidas, mas o manejo da alimentação e o espaço concedido à cutia no final da gestação podem ser fatores contribuintes.

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses / Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e morte perinatal em equinos

Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal mortality in horses were investigated in the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) from 2000 to 2015. In this period, 107 cases were analyzed using macroscopic, microscopic, and complementary tests. Of these, 77 were aborted fetuses, 16 were stillbirths, and 14 were perinatal deaths. Conclusive diagnosis was established in 42.8% of the fetuses analyzed, with 28.6% classified as infectious origin, 9.1% as non-infectious, and 5.1% as other. Bacterial infections, especially those related to Streptococcus spp. were the most frequently observed. In stillborn foals, diagnosis was established in 62.5% of cases, and 50% of these were related to non-infectious causes, such as dystocia and birth traumas. As for perinatal mortality, a conclusive diagnosis was reached in 78.57% of cases, and infectious causes associated with bacterial infections accounted for 64.1% of these diagnoses.(AU)

Causas de aborto, natimortalidade e mortalidade perinatal em equinos foram investigadas no Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (SPV-UFRGS) durante o período de 2000 a 2015. Nesse período, foram analisados 107 casos através de exames macroscópico, microscópico e exames complementares, desses 77 correspondiam a fetos abortados, 16 natimortos e 14 mortes perinatais. Diagnóstico conclusivo foi estabelecido em 42,8% dos fetos analisados e classificados como origem infecciosa em 28,6% dos casos, não infecciosa com 9,1% e outros com 5,1% dos casos. As infecções bacterianas, em especial as relacionadas a Streptococcus spp. foram as mais frequentemente observadas. Em potros natimortos, diagnostico foi estabelecido em 62,5% dos casos, e destes, 50% foram relacionados a causas não infecciosas, como distocia e traumas durante o parto. Quanto a mortalidade perinatal, em 78,57% dos casos houve um diagnostico conclusivo, e as causas infecciosas associadas a infecções bacterianas corresponderam a 64,1% desses diagnósticos.(AU)

Breech presentation delivery care: A review of childbirth semiology, mechanism and care / Atención del parto con feto en presentación pelviana: revisión de la semiología, el mecanismo y la atención del parto

RESUMEN Objetivo: revisar los conceptos que subyacen al trabajo de parto con feto en presentación pelviana, su semiología y las maniobras obstétricas que facilitan un resultado materno perinatal exitoso. Materiales y métodos: a partir de un caso hipotético que ambienta de manera práctica el tema, se crea un documento explicativo construido a partir de una revisión narrativa, en donde se examinan los preceptos relacionados con el diagnóstico, el mecanismo del parto en presentación pelviana y el manejo intraparto de la gestante, con énfasis en la adecuada ejecución de las maniobras que facilitan la extracción fetal. Resultados: el parto en presentación pelviana debe ser atendido por vía vaginal cuando se encuentra en periodo expulsivo con encajamiento cumplido. Para su diagnóstico y atención es esencial hacer una adecuada identificación de la presentación, así como conocer su fisiología, la indicación y adecuada ejecución de las maniobras obstétricas que facilitan un parto sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: el mecanismo del parto en presentación pelviana es complejo y requiere, cuando no hay otra alternativa para la atención, que tanto el obstetra como el médico general conozcan su fisiología y las múltiples maniobras obstétricas que facilitan obtener buen resultado materno perinatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the concepts underlying breech presentation delivery as well as the semiology and the obstetric maneuvers contributing to a successful perinatal maternal outcome. Materials and methods: Based on a hypothetical scenario to set the stage for a practical approach to the topic, an explanatory paper built on a narrative review is created in order to examine the principles related to diagnosis, mechanism of delivery and maternal care, emphasizing maneuvers to ease fetal extraction. Results: Breech presentation delivery must be managed through the vaginal canal when already in the expulsion phase with fetal engagement. For diagnosis and care, it is essential to know the unique semiology and physiology of this condition as well as the obstetric maneuvers to facilitate an uncomplicated delivery. Conclusions: The mechanism of childbirth in breech presentation is complex and requires knowledge of its physiology and multiple obstetric maneuvers on the part of the obstetrician as well as the general practitioner, in order to ensure adequate care when there is no other option.

Maniobra Kristeller, consecuencias físicas y éticas según sus protagonistas / Kristeller Maneuver, physical and ethical consequences according to its central characters

Introducción: La maniobra Kristeller consiste en hacer presión del fondo uterino en el período expulsivo, la segunda etapa del trabajo de parto. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia, características de la aplicación de la maniobra Kristeller y consecuencias físicas y éticas en puérperas de un hospital de alta complejidad en Lima, Perú. Métodos: Diseño descriptivo transversal y prospectivo. Se incluyeron 250 puérperas de parto vaginal, con gestación única a término, atendidas en el Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, entre agosto y diciembre de 2016. Se usó cuestionario -Stop Kristeller- realizado por la Asociación Española El parto es nuestro. Se les aplicó un cuestionario validado por expertos a las puérperas durante su estancia. Se realizó análisis descriptivo mostrando los resultados en frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Se evidenció que a 116 de ellas (46,4 por ciento) se les realizó la maniobra Kristeller. Con respecto a las características de la realización de la maniobra 77,6 por ciento refirió que se realizó con las palmas de las manos, más del 70 por ciento refirió que fue entre una y tres veces y 75,9 por ciento señaló que solo una persona la realizó. El 32,8 por ciento reportó haber sufrido desgarro vaginal y 51,7 por ciento refirió que no solicitaron su consentimiento para realizar la maniobra. Conclusiones: Existe elevada prevalencia de la utilización de la maniobra, las características de su aplicación siguen pautas descritas por Samuel Kristeller, entre las consecuencias físicas encontradas están los desgarros perineales superficiales y profundos y en muchos casos las condiciones bioéticas no se cumplieron(AU)

Introduction: The Kristeller maneuver consists in making fundal pressure during the second stage of labor. Objective: To determine the prevalence, characteristics of the application of Kristeller maneuver and the physical and ethical consequences in puerperal women of a highly complex hospital in Lima, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional and prospective descriptive study was carried out in 250 puerperal women of vaginal delivery, with single gestation at term, assisted at Hipólito Unanue National Hospital, from August to December 2016. This research used the Stop Kristeller questionnaire - prepared by the Spanish Association El parto es nuestro. A questionnaire validated by experts was applied to the puerperal women during their stay. A descriptive analysis was made and the results in frequencies and percentages are shown. Results: It was showed that 116 of them (46.4 percent) underwent Kristeller maneuver. Regarding the characteristics of the maneuver performance, 77.6 percent reported that it was performed with hand palms, more than 70 percent reported that this maneuver was done between one and three times and 75.9 percent indicated that only one person performed it. Vaginal tear was reported in 32.8 percent and 51.7 percent reported their consent to perform the maneuver was not requested. Conclusions: There is high prevalence of the use of this maneuver. The characteristics of its application follow the guidelines described by Samuel Kristeller. Superficial and deep perineal tears are among the physical consequences and in many cases, bioethical conditions were not fulfilled(AU)

The trends and risk factors to predict adverse outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: a 10-year experience from 2006 to 2015 in a single tertiary center

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change of maternal characteristics, delivery and neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over recent 10 years and to identify the risk factors associated with adverse outcome. METHODS: Consecutive GDM patients (n=947) delivered in our institution were included. Research period was arbitrarily divided into 2 periods (period 1: from 2006 to 2010, period 2: from 2011 to 2015). Multiple pregnancies or preexisting diabetes were excluded. Maternal baseline characteristics, delivery and neonatal outcomes were reviewed. Fetal biometric findings by prenatal ultrasonography were collected. Adverse pregnancy outcome (APO) was defined by the presence of one of the followings; shoulder dystocia, neonatal macrosomia (>4 kg), neonatal hypoglycemia (< 35 mg/dL), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in term pregnancy. RESULTS: Period 2 was associated with older maternal age (34 vs. 33, P < 0.001) and higher proportion of GDM A2 compared to period 1 (30.9% vs. 23.0%, P=0.009). By univariate analysis, APO was associated with increased body mass index (BMI) at pre-pregnancy (23.4 kg/m² vs. 21.8 kg/m², P=0.001) or delivery (27.9 kg/m² vs. 25.8 kg/m², P < 0.001), higher HbA1c at diagnosis (5.6% vs. 5.3%, P < 0.001) or delivery (5.8% vs. 5.5%, P=0.044), and larger fetal biometric findings (abdominal circumference [AC] and estimated fetal weight, P=0.029 and P=0.007, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed pre-pregnancy BMI (odds ratio [OR], 1.101; 90% confidence interval [CI], 1.028–1.180) and fetal AC (OR, 1.218; 90% CI, 1.012–1.466) were independently associated with adverse outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated the trends and relevant factors associated with the adverse outcomes.

Étude anthropométrique et pelvimétrique externe chez les nullipares de Lubumbashi: facteurs de risque et score prédictif de la dystocie mécanique

Introduction: la morbi-mortalité maternelle et périnatale reste élevée dans la majeure partie de l'Afrique subsaharienne par rapport au reste du monde. Dépister, avant le travail, les femmes à risque de dystocies mécaniques et les référer à un hôpital mieux équipé pour accouchement contribue à la stratégie visant à réduire la morbi-mortalité. L'objectif de cette étude est de développer un score prédictif de la dystocie mécanique lors de l'accouchement chez les nullipares congolaises. Méthodes: il s'agit d'une étude transversale analytique sur les nullipares avec des grossesses uniques dans 7 maternités de la ville de Lubumbashi (RDC). La taille, le poids et les mensurations pelvimétriques externes maternelles ont été récoltés et analysés. Une analyse univariée et une analyse multivariée étaient réalisées. La discrimination du score était évaluée à l'aide de la courbe ROC.Résultats: nous avons recruté 535 nullipares au cours de la période d'étude, dont 126 (23,55%) avaient accouché pacésarienne indiquée pour dystocie mécanique. Après modélisation logistique, trois critères sont ressortis comme facteurs prédictifs de dystocie mécanique: la taille maternelle <150cm (ORajusté=2,96 [1,49-5,87]), le diamètre bi-ischiatique <8cm (ORajusté=15,96 [3,46-73,56]) et le diamètre prépubien de Trillat <11cm (ORajusté=2,34 [1,36-4,01]). L'aire sous la courbe ROC du score est de 0,6549 avec une sensibilité de 23,81%, une spécificité de 97,80% et une valeur prédictive positive de 76,92%.Conclusion: il a été observé que les valeurs de 10ème percentile des trois mesures anthropométriques maternelles étaient prédictives de la dystocie mécanique. Lorsqu'elles étaient utilisées ensemble, ces trois valeurs permettaient de développer un score de dépistage à faible coût pour une utilisation dans les milieux à faible revenu

Single Stage Posterior Approach for Total Resection of Presacral Giant Schwannoma: A Technical Case Report

The neurogenic tumor of frequent occurrence in the presacral area is a schwannoma. Giant presacral schwannoma has a risk for anterior surgical approach because of its massive size and proximity to abundant vascularity of presacral region. We report a single stage posterior approach for total resection of a giant presacral schwannoma. A 40-year-old female patient experienced left buttock pain and tingling sensation at left S1 dermatome. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the presacral huge mass at S1–3 level with osseous extension and structural remodeling in left sacral ala. The presacral mass was ranging in maximum diameter from 8.0 to 8.6 cm. S2 foramen laminectomy was performed to expose the mass. The tumor capsule and the root were carefully dissected away. The tumor was removed while preserving the capsule by dissecting the plane between the inner wall of the capsule and the tumor. The single stage posterior approach for presacral giant schwannoma is feasible, and it can be a good surgical alternative to prevent pelvic organ or vascular damage and anterior approach related dystocia and infertility.

Asociación entre el precio de los alimentos y la glucemia en adultos estadounidenses con diabetes de tipo 2 / The Association Between Food Prices and the Blood Glucose Level of US Adults With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJETIVOS: Calculamos la asociación entre el precio de diversas categorías de alimentos saludables y menos saludables y la glucemia en adultos estadounidenses con diabetes de tipo 2. MÉTODOS: Vinculamos la información de salud contenida en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 1999-2006 y el precio de los alimentos a partir de la base trimestral de datos de precios de los alimentos. Aplicamos una regresión de los valores de glucemia con respecto al precio de los alimentos en el trimestre anterior, con control de la región del mercado y otras covariables. Examinamos asimismo si la asociación entre el precio de los alimentos y la glucemia variaba entre distintos grupos de ingresos. RESULTADOS: Tanto el precio de las frutas y verduras como el precio de los productos lácteos magros se asocian a la glucemia en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2. En concreto, un precio mayor de las frutas y verduras y de los productos lácteos se asocia a valores más altos de glu-cohemoglobina y de glucemia en ayunas tres meses después. La asociación entre el precio de los alimentos y la glucemia es mayor en las personas de ingresos bajos que en las de ingresos elevados, en la dirección esperada. CONCLUSIONES: Un precio mayor de los alimentos saludables se asocia a cifras más elevadas de glucemia en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2. Esta asociación fue especialmente pronunciada en las personas con diabetes de tipo 2 con ingresos bajos.

OBJECTIVES: We estimated the association between the price of healthy and less-healthy food groups and blood sugar among US adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We linked 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey health information to food prices contained in the Quarterly Food-at-Home Price Database. We regressed blood sugar levels on food prices from the previous calendar quarter, controlling for market region and a range of other covariates. We also examined whether the association between food prices and blood sugar varies among different income groups. RESULTS: The prices of produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with blood sugar levels of people with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, higher prices for produce and low-fat dairy foods were associated with higher levels of glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose 3 months later. Food prices had a greater association with blood sugar for low-income people than for higherincome people, and in the expected direction. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prices of healthy foods were associated with increased blood sugar among people with type 2 diabetes. The association was especially pronounced among low-income people with type 2 diabetes.

Monstros fetais como causa de distocia em vacas / Monsters fetal as cause of dystocia cows

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar os tipos de monstros fetais associados aos casos de distocias de origem fetal em vacas atendidas na rotina hospitalar no período de 11 anos. Para isso foram utilizadas informações das fichas de acompanhamento clinico de 397 vacas com distocias fetais, destas 27 ocorreram por anomalias fetais. Os monstros fetais simples (MFS) e os monstros fetais complexos (MFC) representaram 6,8% dos casos de distocia de ordem fetal. Observando 74% dos casos de MFS, com uma maior ocorrência de Schistosomos reflexus 45%, seguida de contraturas e flexões 30%, ascite 10% e Perossomus elumbis 10%, além de hidrocefalia 5%. Nos 26% dos casos de MFC, 43% foram Thoracogastropagus, 29% Dicephalus, 14% Diprosopus e 14% Duplicitas posterior. A ocorrência de monstros fetais está presente na bovinocultura, representando fator de risco para o desencadeamento de partos distócicos e acarretando em perdas econômicas para esta atividade com os procedimentos e a alta mortalidade dos animais. Nas situações de manobra obstétrica, os veterinários devem levar em consideração a possibilidade da presença de alterações congênita fetal para se tomar a medida mais apropriada para o caso e com isso minimizar o sofrimento e a mortalidade tanto da vaca quanto do feto.

The aim of this study was to report the types of fetal monsters associated with cases of dystocia of fetal origin in cows treated at hospital routine in the period of 11 years. For this we used information from clinical monitoring reports of 397 cows with dystocia fetal, 27 of these were for fetal anomalies. The simple fetal monsters (MFS) and complex fetal monsters (MFC) represented 6,8% of the cases of fetal dystocia. Observing 74% of cases of MFS with a higher incidence of Schistosomus reflexus 45%, then bending and contractures 30%, ascites 10%, Perossomus elumbis 10% and hydrocephalus 5%. In 26% of cases of MFC, 43% were Thoracogastropagus, 29% Dicephalus, 14% Diprosopus and 14% Duplicitas posterior. The occurrence of fetal monsters are present in cattle, representing a risk factor for the onset of dystocia and resulting in economic losses for this activity with the procedures and the high mortality of animals. During obstetrical maneuvers, veterinarians should consider the possibility of the presence of fetal congenital changes to take the most appropriate measure for the case and thereby minimize the suffering and mortality of both the cow and fetus.

Monstros fetais como causa de distocia em vacas / Monsters fetal as cause of dystocia cows

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar os tipos de monstros fetais associados aos casos de distocias de origem fetal em vacas atendidas na rotina hospitalar no período de 11 anos. Para isso foram utilizadas informações das fichas de acompanhamento clínico de 397 vacas com distocias fetais. Destas, 27 ocorreram por anomalias fetais. Os monstros fetais simples (MFS) e os monstros fetais complexos (MFC) representaram 6,8% dos casos de distocia de ordem fetal. Observando 74% dos casos de MFS, com uma maior ocorrência de Schistosomos reflexus 45%, seguida de contraturas e flexões 30%, ascite 10% e Perossomus elumbis 10%, além de hidrocefalia 5%. Nos 26% dos casos de MFC, 43% foram Thoracogastropagus, 29% Dicephalus, 14% Diprosopus e 14% Duplicitas posterior. A ocorrência de monstros fetais está presente na bovinocultura, representando fator de risco para o desencadeamento de partos distócicos e acarretando em perdas econômicas para esta atividade com os procedimentos e a alta mortalidade dos animais. Nas situações de manobra obstétrica, os veterinários devem levar em consideração a possibilidade da presença de alterações congênito-fetais para se tomar a medida mais apropriada para o caso e com isso minimizar o sofrimento e a mortalidade tanto da vaca quanto do feto.

The aim of this study was to report the types of fetal monsters associated with cases of dystocia of fetal origin in cows treated at hospital routine in the period of 11 years. For this we used information from clinical monitoring reports of 397 cows with dystocia fetal, 27 of these were for fetal anomalies. The simple fetal monsters (MFS) and complex fetal monsters (MFC) represented 6,8% of the cases of fetal dystocia. Observing 74% of cases of MFS with a higher incidence of Schistosomus reflexus 45%, then bending and contractures 30%, ascites 10%, Perossomus elumbis 10% and hydrocephalus 5%. In 26% of cases of MFC, 43% were Thoracogastropagus, 29% Dicephalus, 14% Diprosopus and 14% Duplicitas posterior. The occurrence of fetal monsters are present in cattle, representing a risk factor for the onset of dystocia and resulting in economic losses for this activity with the procedures and the high mortality of animals. During obstetrical maneuvers, veterinarians should consider the possibility of the presence of fetal congenital changes to take the most appropriate measure for the case and thereby minimize the suffering and mortality of both the cow and fetus.

Distocia materna por inércia uterina primária associada ao choque hipoglicêmico em cadela: Relato de caso / Maternal dystocia by primary uterine inertia associated with hypoglycemic shock in dog: Case report / Distocia materna por inercia uterina primaria asociada a choque hipoglucémico en perra: Relato de caso

Distocia é a incapacidade de expulsão do feto por meio do canal do parto durante a parição. Relata-se um caso de distocia por inércia uterina primária associada o choque hipoglicêmico em uma cadela, SRD, de cinco anos de idade. O animal deu entrada no hospital veterinário, apresentando contrações abdominais e secreção vaginal de coloração esverdeada, hipotermia, obnubilação e hipoglicemia, caracterizando choque hipoglicêmico. Foi realizado tratamento emergencial e reversão da hipoglicemia. Foi realizada radiografia para verificação de fetos remanescentes e avaliação da estática fetal. A bioquímica sérica revelou hipocalcemia moderada e foi realizado tratamento com gluconato de cálcio e ocitocina, havendo a parição dos fetos. A distocia na clínica de cães e gatos é considerada de emergência. A estabilização do animal é de extrema importância. A realização de exames laboratoriais deve ser preconizada para avaliar a ocorrência de distúrbios eletrolíticos, promovendo um adequado tratamento e melhorando o prognóstico da paciente.

Dystocia is the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal during parturition. This is a report of a case of dystocia by primary uterine inertia associated with hypoglycemic shock in a five-year-old mongrel bitch. The animal was admitted to the veterinary hospital with abdominal contractions and greenish vaginal secretion, hypothermia, hypoglycemia and numbness, characterized as hypoglycemic shock. Emergency treatment and reversal of hypoglycemia were performed, as well as radiography to check for remaining fetuses and fetal static evaluation. Serum biochemistry revealed mild hypocalcemia and treatment was conducted with calcium gluconate and oxytocin, upon the birth of the fetuses. Clinic dystocia in dogs and cats is considered an emergency. The stabilization of the animal is of utmost importance. Laboratory tests should be recommended to assess the occurrence of electrolyte disturbances, promoting adequate treatment and improving the prognosis of the patient.

Distocia es la incapacidad de expulsar el feto a través del canal durante el parto. Se presenta un caso de distocia por inercia uterina primaria asociada con el choque hipoglucémico en una perra, SRD, de cinco años de edad. El animal fue ingresado en el hospital veterinario, con contracciones abdominales y secreción vaginal de color verdoso, hipotermia, hipoglucemia y entumecimiento, caracterizando choque hipoglucémico. Se realizó un tratamiento de emergencia y reversión de la hipoglucemia. Se realizó radiografía para verificación de fetos restantes y evaluación de la estática fetal. La bioquímica sérica reveló hipo calcemia moderada y el tratamiento se llevó a cabo con gluconato de calcio y ocitocina, ocurriendo la aparición de los fetos. La distocia en la clínica de perros y gatos es considerada una emergencia. La estabilización del animal es de suma importancia. La realización de exámenes de laboratorio deben ser recomendados para evaluar la ocurrencia de disturbios electrolíticos, promoviendo un tratamiento adecuado y mejorando el pronóstico del paciente.

Factores de riesgo asociados a las distocias del trabajo de parto en el Hospital Víctor Ramos Guardia, Huaraz, 2011 / Risk factors associated with the dystocia of childbirth labor at the Hospital Victor Ramos Guardia, Huaraz, 2011

El trabajo de parto y el parto mismo son procesos naturales para el nacimiento; sin embargo, aunque se trata de un acto fisiológico, a menudo aparecen problemas obstétricos o distocias, que incrementan la morbimortalidad materna y perinatal. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a las distocias del trabajo de parto en gestantes que acuden a la atención del parto en el Hospital "Víctor Ramos Guardia" de Huaraz, 2011. Metodología: Estudio analítico, casos y controles, retrospectivo y de corte transversal; con una población de 2436 gestantes que acudieron a la atención del parto y una muestra final de 262 controles y 131 casos con diagnóstico de distocia del trabajo de parto; teniendo como fuente las historias clínicas de la madre, se empleó la ficha de recolección de datos válida y confiable. Se aplicó el análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial, y el paquete estadístico SPSS for Windows v.22.0. Resultados: Se identificaron como factores de riesgo asociados a las distocias del trabajo de parto a los siguientes: Factores preconcepcionales: Peso pregestacional < 45 kg (OR: 2.94, 1.47-5.84), la talla < 1.45 m, (OR: 15.27, 5.76-40.45) el IMC inadecuado (OR: 3.75, 2.51-6.67) y el periodo intergenésico menor de 2 y mayor de 4 años (OR: 3.75, 2.35-5.98). Factores del anteparto: Edad gestacional pretérmino (OR: 4.73, 1.99-11.29), la anemia (OR: 4.55, 2.86-7.23), resultado ecográfico anormal (OR: 5.16, 3.05-8.73), oligohidramnios (OR: 10.94, 3.64-32.90), RCIU (OR: 4.76, 1.44-15.76). Factores del intraparto: Estimulación/acentuación. (OR: 14.73, 1.79-121.06), preeclampsia severa (OR: 4.20, 1.24-14.20) y el BPN y/o macrosómico (OR: 4.44, 2.13-9.24) y el RN PEG/GEG (OR: 3.36, 1.76-6.39). Conclusiones: Se demostró que existen factores de riesgo asociados: preconcepcionales (talla < 1.45 cm, peso < 45kg, IMC inadecuado, periodo intergenésico inadecuado), anteparto (EG pretérmino, anemia, resultado ecográfico anormal, oligohidramnios y...

Labor and birth are natural processes for the birth; however, although it is a physiological act, often appear dystocia or obstetrical problems that increase maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with dystocia of labor in pregnant women attending delivery care in the "Victor Ramos Guardia" Huaraz Hospital, 2011. Methodology: Analytical study, case-control, retrospective and cross-sectional; with a population of 2436 pregnant women attending delivery care and a final sample of 262 cases and 131 controls with a diagnosis of labor dystocia; Having as the medical records of the mother, the record collection of valid and reliable data was used. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis and SPSS for Windows v.22.0. Results: We identified risk factors for dystocia of labor to the following. Preconception factors: pre-pregnancy weight < 45kg (OR: 2.94, 1.47-5.84), height < 1.45 m, (OR: 15.27, 5.76-40.45) improper BMI (OR: 3.75, 2.51-6.67) and intergenesic period 2 and more than 4 years (OR: 3.75, 2.35-5.98). Antepartum factors: gestational age preterm (OR: 4.73, 1.99-11.29), anemia (OR: 4.55, 2.86-7.23), abnormal ultrasound result (OR: 5.16, 3.05-8.73), oligohydramnios (OR: 10.94, 3.64-32.90) and IUGR (OR: 4.76, 1.44-15.76). Intrapartum factors: stimulation/stress (OR: 14.73, 1.79-121.06), severe preeclampsia (OR: 4.20, 1.24-14.20) and LBW and I or macrosomia (OR: 4.44, 2.13-9.24) and PEGRN/GEG (OR: 3.36, 1.76-6.39). Conclusions: We demonstrated that risk factors: demographic (marital status single and/or partner) preconception (size < 1.45 cm, weight < 45kg, BMI Bad, Bad interpregnancy period), antepartum (EG preterm, anemia, ultrasound result abnormal, oligohydramnios, IUGR, ultrasound examination not performed), intrapartum (stimulation/stress, severe preeclampsia) and related product (BPN and/or macrosomic and small and/or large weight for EG)...

Obstetrical Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus / 임상당뇨병

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is traditionally defined as newly onset or detected carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy. Unprotected exposure to high glucose levels during pregnancy is related to adverse pregnancy outcomes including fetal demise and intrauterine growth restriction associated with placental insufficiency. The most common complications related to GDM comprise macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus palsy, intrauterine fetal death and preeclampsia, polyhydramnios, preterm delivery, and increased cesarean section rate. Moreover, GDM may increase the chance of GDM recurrence in a subsequent pregnancy, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 DM, and obesity or impaired glucose tolerance in the offspring. Therefore, proper obstetrical management and glucose control are always challenging and important. The aim of this article is to discern: 1) obstetric complications related to GDM diagnosed after pregnancy, 2) various methods of fetal surveillance, 3) proper timing for delivery and mode of delivery, 4) postpartum management for GDM patients and neonates, and 5) preconceptional counseling prior to a possible subsequent pregnancy.

Evaluación del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la Resolución 0412/00 en recién nacidos atendidos en un centro de atención primaria en la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia), 2011-2012, estudio de corte transversal / Newborn assessment and monitoring the third day of life in a primary care center in the Manizales city (Colombia). 2011-2012, cross-sectional study / Avaliação da aplicação das recomendações da Resolução 0412/00 em recém nascidos em um centro de atenção primaria na cidade de Manizales (Colômbia) 2011-2012, estudo de corte transversal

Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución del recién nacido según los cuidados de puericultura citados en la Resolución 0412 del Ministerio de la Protección Social (Colombia) al momento del nacimiento y al tercer día de nacido. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio de corte transversal retrospectivo, que se realizó con datos obtenidos de 1202 historias clínicas de atención al nacimiento y control al tercer día en el año 2012 de niños nacidos en el centro ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colombia). Se evaluaron variables de la madre, variables del parto, variables del neonato al nacimiento y al 3° día. Resultados: La edad promedio de la madre de 23 años, el 95,1% asistieron a los controles prenatales. Al momento del nacimiento se encontró que al 98.8% de los recién nacidos se les colocó brazalete de identificación, también al 98,4% de los RN se les aplicó las vacunas (BCG, anti-hepatitis B), en el 83,9% de los partos se realizó un pinzamiento tardío del cordón umbilical; al 99,6% profilaxis ocular, 99,7% profilaxis muñón umbilical. Al control del tercer día se observó que el 13,4% de los recién nacidos presentaron ictericia, el 3,8% presentaron anormalidades al examen físico siendo la conjuntivitis la más frecuente con un 0,7% y el 90,1% asistieron a este control. Conclusiones: En los hallazgos de esta investigación se concluye que en los cuidados que se le brinda a esta población, se cumplen los parámetros establecidos por la Resolución 0412 del Ministerio de la Protección Social de la República de Colombia.

Objective: Evaluate the evolution of newborn care as childcare resolution 0412 cited in Ministry of Social Protection at birth and on the third day of life. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study, which was performed with 1202 data from medical records of birth care and control on the third day in 2012 children born in the center ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colombia). The study evaluated 37 variables were classified as maternal variables, birth variables, and NB variables to 3 days. Results: The average age of the mother of 23 years, 95.1% attended prenatal care. At birth it was found that 100% of infants were placed identification bracelet, also at 100% of newborns were administered vaccines (vsg, hepatitis B), 83.9% of births performed delayed cord clamping. The control of the third day was observed that 13.4% of the newborns had jaundice, 3.8% of the newborns had abnormalities on physical examination remain the most frequent conjunctivitis with 0.7% and 90, 1% attended this control. Conclusions: In the findings of this research concludes that ASSBASALUD ESE institution meets the parameters of 0412 resolution of health and social protection ministry of the Colombian republic.

Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução do recém nascido segundo as recomendações de puericultura da resolução 0412 do Ministério da Proteção Social (Colômbia) no momento do nascimento e ao terceiro dia de nascido. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de coorte transversal-retrospectivo o qual foi feito em 2012 com dados obtidos de 1202 historias clinicas de atenção ao nascimento e controle ao terceiro dia, de crianças nascidos no centro ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colômbia). Foram avaliadas variáveis da mãe, de parto, do neonato ao nascimento e ao terceiro dia. Resultados: A idade meia das mães foi de 23 anos; o 95% tiveram controles pré-natais. Ao momento do nascimento, o 98.8% dos recém nascidos tinham pulseira de identificação, o 98.4% tinham vacinas (BCG, anti-hepatitis B); o 83.9% tinham pinçamento tardio do cordão umbilical; o 99.6% profilaxia ocular e o 99.7% profilaxia do cordão umbilical. No controle do terceiro dia (90,1% das crianças) se observou que o 13,4% dos recém nascidos apresentaram icterícia. Além disso, o 3.8% apresentaram anormalidades ao exame físico, sendo a conjuntivites a mais frequente (0,7%). Conclusões: Os dados deste estúdio concluem que os cuidados que são oferecidos a esta população cumprem os parâmetros estabelecidos pela resolução 0412 do Ministério da Proteção Social da Republica da Colômbia.

Tratamiento activo con oxitocina y rotura artificial tardía de membranas en la distocia de fase latente del trabajo de parto / Active treatment with oxytocin and late artificial rupture of membranes in the dystocia of the latent phase of labor

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y de intervención, de las 90 gestantes con fase latente prolongada del trabajo de parto, a partir de ocho horas, atendidas en el Servicio de Perinatología del Hospital "Mariana Grajales Coello" y "Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, en el período 2011-2013, con el objetivo de demostrar la utilidad del tratamiento activo con rotura artificial de membrana tardía, empleado en la fase latente prolongada del trabajo de parto. Se obtuvo que el tiempo promedio para alcanzar la fase activa después de iniciada la conducción fue de 5,08 horas y 80,3 % de las mujeres tuvieron respuesta rápida; mientras que la duración de la fase activa fue de 4,05 horas como promedio. Se demostró la utilidad del nuevo protocolo terapéutico para la distocia de fase latente.

A prospective, longitudinal intervention study, of the 90 pregnant women with prolonged latent phase of labor, from eight hours on, assisted in the Perinatology Service of "Mariana Grajales Coello" and "Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Hospitals in Santiago de Cuba was carried out in the period 2011-2013, with the objective of demonstrating the usefulness of the active treatment with late artificial rupture of membrane, used in the prolonged latent phase of labor. It was obtained that the average time to reach the active phase after initiating the induction was of 5,08 hours and 80,3% of the women had a fast response; while the duration of the active phase was of 4,05 hours as average. The usefulness of the new therapeutic protocol for the dystocia of latent phase was demonstrated.

Vaginal adhesions in a woman with the history of dystocia

Postpartum genital tract adhesions are unusual, and their cause has not been evaluated. However, severe dystocia and numerous pelvic examinations have been suggested as possible causes. Here, we report a case of vaginal adhesions following a difficult labor that presented as dyspareunia for 5 months. Pelvic examination and ultrasonography revealed a transverse vaginal septum that obstructed the vaginal cavity, and fluid collection proximal to this septum. The patient was successfully treated with surgical resection and administration of antibiotics.